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Civilizations, empires, great powers
can fall apart very fast.
Collapse can come suddenly, like a thief in the night.
And we should be very wary of assuming
that our civilization,
the civilization of the early 21st century West,
will oblige us by declining gradually.
I think a lot of people who look at the United States
and debate its decline, even the pessimistic ones,
assume that this will take decades
and perhaps it will be a problem for their grandchildren.
When people talk about Europe's problems,
there's a tendency to say, oh the demographic difficulties
of Europe and the slowdown in European growth
mean that over time it will recede
in its importance relative to the past.
But that may be completely wrong.
We may in fact find that Europe falls apart quite fast,
not in a Europe in the sense of the European Union,
but I mean Europe in the cultural sense,
as the heir of centuries of what used
to be called Christendom.
The mass migrations that we see into Europe
at this time, and the social consequences of trying,
and I suspect not succeeding,
in integrating millions of people
from non-European cultures,
particularly from the Islamic world,
raises the prospects of a major crisis of European culture.
And the civilization that we've grown accustomed
to thinking of as Europe may not be around
by the end of the century.
Or it may have changed so much that it's unrecognizable.
I think there are two threats
facing the West and they are linked.
There is a threat from within and the threat from without.
And the threat from without is made much more threatening
by the threat from within.
The threat from within comes from people
who want to undermine and destroy the basis
of Western Civilization, the basis of Western society.
- Europe was ravaged after a period of ultra-nationalism
and conflicts, the period between World War I
and World War II, and World War II itself
with the Shoah and the complete devastation of Europe
economically, socially, culturally.
Adorno argued that Europe actually died in Auschwitz,
that this was the marking of an end of an era
and the marking of complete devastation.
The infrastructure was destroyed, perhaps the morality,
the teachings were really called into question,
and philosophers and thinkers of the time
looked at the horrible consequences of extreme nationalism
and binary notions of identity of being and otherness.
- This continues in philosophy with existentialism
and what eventually will be known as postmodern theory.
These are the ways that you can see
that sense of doubt, of failure,
of collapse inside Western confidence and optimism.
So I think the wars really are the beginning of this,
and it continues.
It continues on to the 50s, and then into the 60s
you have another generation, a new revolutionary generation
that is reacting against everything their parents represent.
- The Baby Boomer generation of whom I am one
were extremely influenced in the 1960s
by the writing in particular of Gramsci,
the political philosopher.
And Gramsci's whole thing was effectively to say
if you're gonna wait for the workers to rise up
and seize the levers of economic and political control,
you wait forever.
A much more effective and much, much smarter way
of undermining and taking over Western society
is to attack the citadels of the culture,
the media, the universities, education, the law, the church,
all the institutions of the culture.
You infiltrate them and you undermine them from within
and you turn the mind of the West against itself.
After the turn of the century,
the dominant theory in social sciences and humanities
is postcolonial theory.
Postcolonial theory, to put it very simply,
says that all the evils in the world
were caused by Western imperialism.
Before Western imperialism,
everything was lovely in the world.
Everybody got along, there were no clear groups,
there was no war, there was no evil.
This is a kind of morphing of Lenin's theory of imperialism.
He argued that imperialist capitalist societies
would export class conflict to other societies
so that the people that were exploited
were the people in the other societies
and everybody in the home society,
the elites and the working class,
would benefit from that exploitation.
Less than 30 years after the collapse
of communism in the West,
the former communists and the Marxists-Leninists
who defended the virtues of the Soviet Union
and its worldview have managed to rebrand themselves
as champions of human rights and are able to somehow
take the lead in educating new generations,
and in shaping our public debate,
and dictating what is acceptable
and what is not acceptable anymore in the public domain.
As part of the post-modern project,
that's a fancy word for saying that there
is no such thing as absolute truth or reality,
it's socially conditioned on who has power and who doesn't.
One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.
In that relativist world in the last 30 years
in the United States, it's manifested itself
by two or three powerful ideologies in a variety of ways.
One is Utopian passivism,
you believe that the innate nature of man is good
and that if you were to assume that everybody is good
and that they don't react to power or deterrence
or the threat of force, but they react instead
as we saw with Barack Obama's apology tour,
his Cairo Speech, then they will reciprocate in kind.
That's a tenet of this post-modern world
that says deterrence, balance of power, alliances,
that was all nineteenth century.
We've got a new paradigm, and it's contrary
to human nature unfortunately.
It's no more accurate than if you opened your backyard up
and said everybody can come and camp out,
and they're gonna cleanup,
and they're gonna be very nice and share,
it would be a mess.
The other tenet of this post-modern experiment was,
I think we would call it multiculturalism
as opposed to multi-racialism.
That is multi-racialism was the United States' ideal
that we'd have all different ethnic backgrounds and races,
but combined E Pluribus Unum under one Western paradigm.
But with hyphenation, or accented names,
or identity politics the idea became
well this common culture is not good
because it was not perfect, it had slavery,
it had sexism, it had racism,
and it conflates the idea that the sins of mankind
that everybody has throughout the world
are solely and particularly only the sins
of the West in general, the United States in particular.
So we can't be good because we're not perfect,
and therefore we're not going to stand
for the national anthem or we're going to suggest
in our history classes that we're guilty of genocide.
- Now cultural relativism developed from Franz Boas,
the founder of North American anthropology
and his students, Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead.
Now Ruth Benedict published a book in '37 or '38
called Patterns of Culture, it was very popular,
a very popular book.
And in it she really developed explicitly
the idea of cultural relativism by which she meant
that if you are going to try and understand somebody's life
you have to suspend your own ideas,
you have to suspend your own values,
suspend your own judgments.
And so it was a research technique
to allow you to do your job better
in understanding other societies.
Now what's happened toward the end of the 20th century
was that that idea of cultural relativism has been expanded.
Cultural relativism as a field methodology
has become ethical and moral relativism
that disallows judgments of actions
by people in other cultures.
Now if you can't judge another culture
you pretty much have to say well then all cultures
are equally good and equally valid.
- Cultures that cut off people's hands if they are robbers,
or cultures that oppress their women,
or that perform female genital mutilation,
or that honor kill women for so-called cultural atrocities
are definitely not the same as cultures that respect women,
where there is gender equality,
where there is a respect for people that follow every path.
There are cultures in which homophobia is rampant.
So I would not say that all cultures are equal.
- We should be concerned about the university
not just because of the importance
of scholarship and research,
but also because it's the training ground
for our future leaders.
- When I teach students, I look out of the classroom
and I don't just see a 150 faces,
I see a future president of the United States,
a future Chief Justice,
a future editor of the New York Times, the Washington Post,
a future senior partner of Goldman Sachs,
the future leaders.
And they are being miseducated in ways
that completely undercut Western values.
No tolerance for dissenting ideas.
They know The Truth with capital T and capital T.
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